Table 2 Papers included in the scoping review. N/A: not available information, i.e., the paper does not explicitly state which discipline it refers to

Adamson, E; Kinga, L; Foy, L; McLeodb, M; Traynor, J; Watson, W; Gray, W

Feedback in clinical practice: Enhancing the students’ experience through action research

2018

Nurse Education in Practice

Original paper

UK

To raise awareness, and provide support and training for mentors within clinical practice in relation to the provision of explicit and appropriate feedback to students on their practice

To enhance student nurse understanding of the many forms that feedback within placements might take and how to apply this to their practice

Nursing

Al-Mously, N; Nabil, N; Al-Babtain, S; Fouad Abbas, M

Undergraduate medical students' perceptions on the quality of feedback received during clinical rotations

2014

Medical Teacher

Original paper

Saudi Arabia

To report undergraduate medical students' evaluation of the frequency and the quality of feedback received on their clinical performance during their clerkships

Medicine

Bates, J; Konkin, J; Suddards, C; Dobson, S; Pratt, D

Student perceptions of assessment and feedback in longitudinal integrated clerkships

2013

Medical Education

Original paper

Canada

To elucidate how the learning environment and the student-preceptor relationship influence student experiences of being assessed

Medicine

Bennett, A; Goldenhar, L; Stanford, K

Utilization of a Formative Evaluation Card in a Psychiatry Clerkship

2006

Academic Psychiatry

Original paper

USA

To discuss how formative feedback to medical students during their clinical rotations facilitates their successfully meeting the rotation’s educational objectives

Medicine

Bing-You, R; Hayes, V; Palka, T; Ford, M; Trowbridge, R

The Art (and Artifice) of Seeking Feedback: Clerkship Students’ Approaches to Asking for Feedback

2018

Academic Medicine

Original paper

USA

To explore feedback-seeking behaviours of medical students within clerkship

Medicine

Bing-You, R; Hayes, V; Varaklis, K; Trowbridge, R; Kemp, H; McKelvy, D

Feedback for Learners in Medical Education: What is Known? A Scoping Review

2017

Academic Medicine

Review

USA

To explore what is known about feedback as a means of learner improvement in the field of medical education

N/A

Bing-You, R; Varaklis, K; Trowbridge, R; Kemp, H; McKelvy, D

The Feedback Tango: An Integrative Review and Analysis of the Content of the Teacher-Learner Feedback Exchange

2018

Academic Medicine

Review

USA

To conduct an integrative review and analysis of the literature on the content of feedback to learners in medical education

N/A

Bok, H; Jaarsma, D; Spruijt, A; van Beukelen, P; van der Vleuten, C; Teunissen, P

Feedback-giving behaviour in performance evaluations during clinical clerkships

2016

Medical Teacher

Original paper

Netherlands

To investigate teachers’ use of mini-CEX in performance evaluations to provide narrative feedback in undergraduate clinical training

Veterinary medicine

Bok, Harold G J; Teunissen, Pim W; Spruijt, Annemarie; Fokkema, Joanne P I; Van Beukelen, Peter; Jaarsma, Debbie A D C; Van Der Vleuten, Cees P M

Clarifying students' feedback-seeking behaviour in clinical clerkships

2013

Medical Education

Original paper

Netherlands

To explore students’ feedback-seeking behaviours in the clinical workplace

Veterinary medicine

Calleja, P.; Harvey, T.; Fox, A.; Carmichael, M

Feedback and clinical practice improvement: A tool to assist workplace supervisors and students

2016

Nurse Education in Practice

2016

Australia

To evaluate the implementation of the feedback and clinical practice improvement tool and processes, and identify common conduits and barriers identified as impacting on learning

Nursing; Radiation Therapy

Carey, E; Wu, C; Hur, E; Hasday, S; Rosculet, N; Kemp, M; Weir, S; Ryszawa, S; Sandhu, G; Hughes, D; Reddy, R

Evaluation of Feedback Systems for the Third-Year Surgical Clerkship

2017

Journal of Surgical Education

2017

USA

To compare faculty-to-student feedback rates from 2 different data sets: direct observation cards and end-of-clerkship questionnaires

Medicine

Crommelinck, M; Anseel, F

Understanding and encouraging feedback-seeking behaviour: a literature review

2013

Medical Education

Review

Belgium

To review the literature on feedback-seeking behaviour using a self-motives framework and to provide practical recommendations for medical educators on how to encourage feedback-seeking behaviour

Medicine

Daelmans, H; Overmeer, R; Van Der Hem-Stokroos, H; Scherpbier, A; Stehouwer, C; Van Der Vleuten, C;

In-training assessment: qualitative study of effects on supervision and feedback in an undergraduate clinical rotation

2006

Medical Education

Original paper

Netherlands

To investigate an in-training assessment (ITA) programme in action and to explore its effects on supervision and feedback

Medicine

DeWitt, D; Carline, J; Paauw, D; Pangaro, L

Pilot study of a 'RIME'-based tool for giving feedback in a multi-specialty longitudinal clerkship

2008

Medical Education

Original paper

UK

To develop and pilot a RIME-based feedback tool

Medicine

Dolan, B; O´Brien, C; Green, M

Including Entrustment Language in an Assessment Form May Improve Constructive Feedback for Student Clinical Skills

2017

Medical Science Educator

Original paper

USA

To determine if faculty provide more constructive and specific feedback to learners after the inclusion of an assessment item including entrustment language in standard assessment forms

Medicine

Duijn, C; Welink, L; Mandoki, M; ten Cate, O; Kremer, W; Bok, H

Am I ready for it? Students’ perceptions of meaningful feedback on entrustable professional activities

2017

Perspectives on Medical Education

Original paper

Netherlands and Hungary

To illustrate what students’ perceptions are of meaningful feedback viewed as conducive in preparing for performing EPA unsupervised

Medicine and Veterinary

Elnicki, D Michael; Zalenski, Dianne

Integrating medical students' goals, self-assessment and preceptor feedback in an ambulatory clerkship

2013

Teaching and Learning in Medicine

Original paper

USA

To determine whether student self-assessment and preceptor feedback correlate with course outcomes and whether preceptor feedback informs student self-assessment

Medicine

Embo, M; Driessen, E; Valcke, M; van der Vleuten, C

Assessment and feedback to facilitate self-directed learning in clinical practice of midwifery students

2010

Medical Teacher

Original paper

Belgium

To explore students’ perceptions about a newly introduced integrated feedback and assessment instrument to support self- directed learning in clinical practice

Midwifery

Eva, K; Armson, H; Holmboe, E; Lockyer, J

Factors influencing responsiveness to feedback: on the interplay between fear, confidence, and reasoning processes

2016

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Original paper

Canada, UK,The Netherlands, USA, Australia

To explore factors which aid or hinder receptivity to feedback

Medicine and Midwifery

Farrell, L; Bourgeois-Law, G; Ajjawi, R; Regehr, G

An autoethnographic exploration of the use of goal-oriented feedback to enhance brief clinical teaching encounters

2017

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Original paper

Canada and Australia

To explore the use of goal-oriented feedback in brief encounters with learners

Medicine

Fernando, N; Cleland, J; McKenzie, H; Cassar, K

Identifying the factors that determine feedback given to undergraduate medical students following formative mini-CEX assessments

2008

Medical Education

Original paper

UK

To examine the factors that determine provision of feedback to students follow- ing mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) assessments

Medicine

Garino, Alexandria

Ready, willing and able: a model to explain successful use of feedback

2020

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Original paper

USA

To examine the behaviors and learner characteristics that contribute to successful use of feedback. To explore how medicine and physician assistant students engage with feedback and if motivational goals could explain learner differences

Medicine and Physician Assistants

Garner, Matthew S.; Gusberg, Richard J.; Kim, Anthony W

The Positive Effect of Immediate Feedback on Medical Student Education During the Surgical Clerkship

2014

Surgical Education

Original paper

USA

To determine if providing feedback Immediately following a meaningful interaction with surgical faculty would be advantageous to the medical student learning in their third-year clerkship

Medicine

Haffling, A; Beckman, A; Edgren, G

Structured feedback to undergraduate medical students: 3 years’ experience of an assessment tool

2011

Medical Teacher

Original paper

Sweden

To investigate the outcome of long-term use of an assessment tool

Medicine

Harrison, C. J., Könings, K. D., Dannefer, E. F., Schuwirth, L. W., Wass, V., & van der Vleuten, C. P

Factors inffuencing students’ receptivity to formative feedback emerging from different assessment cultures

2016

Perspectives on Medical Education

Original paper

USA and Canada

To better inform various educationally relevant activities including undergraduate and postgraduate training prac- tices, remediation, continuing education, and knowledge translation

Medicine and Midwifery

Harrison, C; Könings, K; Schuwirth, L; Wass, V; van der Vleuten, C

Changing the culture of assessment: the dominance of the summative assessment paradigm

2017

BMC Medical Education

Original paper

UK

To explore an institution’s readiness to adopt initial changes which would help an organisation move towards an assessment for learning culture

Medicine

Harvey, P; Radomski, N; O’Connor, D

Written feedback and continuity of learning in a geographically distributed medical education program

2013

Medical Teacher

Original paper

Australia

To investigate how clinical supervisors construct performance orientated written feedback and learning goals for medical students in a geographically distributed medical education (GDME) programme

Medicine

Hochberg, M; Berman, R; Ogilvie, J; Yingling, S; Lee, S; Pusic, M; Pachter, HL

Midclerkship feedback in the surgical clerkship: the "Professionalism, Reporting, Interpreting, Managing, Educating, and Procedural Skills" application utilizing learner self-assessment

2017

The American Journal of Surgery

Original paper

USA

To determine the feasibility of collecting and comparing student self-assessment with that of their preceptors using an iPad application

Medicine

Holmboe, E; Yepes, M; Williams, F; Huot, S

Feedback and the mini clinical evaluation exercise

2004

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Original paper

USA

To examine how often faculty provided recommendations and used interactive techniques when providing feedback as part of a miniCEX

Medicine

Johnson, C; Keating, J; Molloy, E

Psychological safety in feedback: What does it look like and how can educators work with learners to foster it?

2020

Medical Education

Original paper

Australia

To explore psychological safety in workplace feedback and how can educators work with learners to foster it

Medicine

Joshi, A; Generalla, J; Thompson, B; Haidet, P

Facilitating the Feedback Process on a Clinical Clerkship Using a Smartphone Application

2017

Academic Psychiatry

Original paper

USA

To evaluate the effects of a smartphone-triggered method of feedback delivery on students’ perceptions of the feedback process

Medicine

Kiger, Michelle E; Riley, Caylin; Stolfi, Adrienne; Morrison, Stephanie; Burke, Ann; Lockspeiser, Tai

Use of Individualized Learning Plans to Facilitate Feedback Among Medical Students

2020

Teaching and Learning in Medicine

Original paper

USA

To determine whether having medical students share their ILPs with their attending physicians or supervising residents affected (1) the quality of the feedback they received, as measured by a feedback scoring rubric; (2) the degree of correlation between the content of the learners’ ILPs and the content of their feedback; and (3) learner perceptions of their feedback

Medicine

Kogan JR; Shea JA

Implementing feedback cards in core clerkships

2008

Medical Education

Original paper

USA

To determine the feasibility of a cross-clerkship feedback encounter card system, describe the content of feedback requested and received during the core clerkships, and examine student satisfaction with the feedback card system

Medicine

Lefroy, J; Walters, B; Molyneux, A; Smithson, S

Can learning from workplace feedback be enhanced by reflective writing? A realist evaluation in UK undergraduate medical education

2021

Education for Primary Care

Original paper

UK

To explain what it is about the ‘Learning from feedback’ system which is working or not working for students and why

Medicine

Long, S; Rodriguez, C; St-Onge, C; Tellier, PP; Torabi, N; Young, M

Factors affecting perceived credibility of assessment in medical education: A scoping review

2022

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Scoping review

Canada

To understand how to support learner engagement with assessment-generated feedback by documenting assessment practices perceived as credible (or not) by learners

Medical Education

McGinness, Hannah T.; Caldwell, Patrina H. Y.; Gunasekera, Hasantha; Scott, Karen M

"Every Human Interaction Requires a Bit of Give and Take": Medical Students Approaches to Pursuing Feedback in the Clinical Setting

2022

Teaching and Learning in Medicine

Original paper

Australia

To explore influences on medical student feedback behavior during clinical attachments

Medicine

Noble, C; Billett, S; Armit, L; Collier, L; Hilder, J; Sly, C; Molloy, E

``It's yours to take{''}: generating learner feedback literacy in the workplace

2020

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Original paper

Australia

To problematise student feedback literacy in the healthcare setting, from the learner’s perspective

Nursing, Social Work, and Medicine

Ogburn, T; Espey, E

The R-I-M-E method for evaluation of medical students on an obstetrics and gynecology clerkship

2018

American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Original paper

USA

To implement and assess the R-I-M-E (Reporter, Interpreter, Manager, Educator) system as a method for evaluation for medical students during the obstetrics and gynecology core clerkship

Medicine

Ossenberg, C; Henderson, A; Mitchell, M

What attributes guide best practice for effective feedback? A scoping review

2019

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Review

Australia

To identify the attributes that contribute to effective feedback within a dialogic lens and. To better understand whether they align with the contemporary discourse of dialogic feedback. To explore if the attributes can promote student engagement in feedback in the workplace based learning environment

Allied Health, Business, Education, Medicine, Nursing and Psychology

Ozuah PO; Reznik M; Greenberg L

Improving a medical student feedback with a clinical encounter card

2007

Ambulatory Pediatrics

Original paper

USA

To determine whether the use of the Clinical Encounter Card (CEC) would increase medical students´perception of the feedback they recieved

Medicine

Parkes, J; Abercrombie, S; McCarty, T

Feedback sandwiches affect perceptions but not performance

2013

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Original paper

USA

To explore students’ perceptions of the impact of the feedback sandwich technique on their performance

Medicine

Paukert, Judy L; Richards, Melanie L; Olney, Cynthia

An encounter card system for increasing feedback to students

2002

The American Journal of Surgery

Original paper

USA

To assess the effectiveness and initial implementation of this method for increasing feedback received by third-year medical students from faculty, fellows, and residents during a 12-week surgery clerkship

Medicine

Rassos, James; Melvin, Lindsay J.; Panisko, Daniel; Kulasegaram, Kulamakan; Kuper, Ayelet

Faculty and Trainee Perspectives of Feedback in Internal Medicine: the Oral Case Presentation as a Model

2019

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Original paper

Canada

To explore how Internal Medicine clinical supervisors and trainees perceive feedback within the context of the case presentation

Medicine

Rizan, C; Elsey, C; Lemon, T; Grant, A; Monrouxe, L

Feedback in action within bedside teaching encounters: A video ethnographic study

2014

Medical Education

Original paper

UK

To explore the interactional patterns and correction modalities utilised in feedback sequences between doctors and students within general practice-based bedside teaching encounters (BTEs)

Medicine

Robertson, AC; Fowler, LC

Medical Student Perceptions of Learner-Initiated Feedback Using a Mobile Web Application

2017

Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development

Original paper

USA

To identify perceptions of medical students about faculty feedback and soliciting faculty feedback using a mobile device and Web-based application

Medicine

Scheidt, Peter C.; And Others

Evaluation of System Providing Feedback to Students on Videotaped Patient Encounters

1986

Journal of Medical Education

Original paper

USA

To determine wther students who recieve critiques of the videotapes of actual patient encounters from their preceptors perform subsequent interviews and examinations more skillfully than students who recieve only a self-guided crtitique or no critique at all

Medicine

Schopper, H; Rosenbaum, M; Axelson, R

“I wish someone watched me interview:” medical student insight into observation and feedback as a method for teaching communication skills during the clinical years

2016

BMC Medical Education

Original paper

USA

To explore student perspectives regarding their experiences with clinical observation and feedback on communication skills

Medicine

Soemantri D.; Dodds A.; Mccoll G

Examining the nature of feedback within the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX): an analysis of 1427 Mini-CEX assessment forms

2018

GMS Journal of Medical Education

Original paper

Australia

To examine the written feedback provided on the Mini-CEX form to determine its usefulness as a learning tool for students

Medicine

Sokol-Hessner, L; Shea, J; Kogan, J

The open-ended comment space for action plans on core clerkship students’ encounter cards: What gets written?

2010

Academic Medicine

Original paper

USA

To characterize written comments on encounter cards with space designated for an action plan

Medicine

Sox, CM; Dell, M; Phillipi, CA; Cabral, HJ; Vargas, G; Lewin, LO

Feedback on oral presentations during pediatric clerkships: a randomized controlled trial

2014

Pediatrics

Original paper

USA

To measure the effects of participating in structured oral presentation evaluation sessions early in pediatric clerkships on students’ subsequent presentations

Medicine

Spickard, A; Gigante, J; Stein, G; Denny, J

Automatic capture of student notes to augment mentor feedback and student performance on patient write-ups

2008

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Original paper

USA

To determine whether the integration of an automated electronic clinical portfolio into clinical clerkships can improve the quality of feedback given to students on their patient write-ups and the quality of students’ write-ups

Medicine

Spooner, M; Duane, C; Uygur, J; Smyth, E; Marron, B; Murphy, PJ; Pawlikowska, T

Self -regulatory learning theory as a lens on how undergraduate and postgraduate learners respond to feedback: A BEME scoping review: BEME Guide No. 66

2022

Medical Teacher

Scoping review

Ireland

To map what is known of how learners interact with feedback, to better understand how feedback affects learning strategies, and to explore enhancing and inhibiting factors

Medical Education

Suhoyo Y.; Schonrock-Adema J.; Emilia O.; Kuks J.B.M.; Cohen-Schotanus J

Clinical workplace learning: perceived learning value of individual and group feedback in a collectivistic culture

2014

Medical Teacher

Original paper

Indonesia

To investigate the perceived learning value and characteristics of individual and group feedback in a collectivistic culture

Medicine

Suhoyo, Y; Van Hell, E; Kerdijk, W; Emilia, O; Schönrock-Adema, J; Kuks, J; Cohen-Schotanus, J

Influence of feedback characteristics on perceived learning value of feedback in clerkships: Does culture matter?

2017

BMC Medical Education

Original paper

Indonesia

To validate the influence of five feedback characteristics on students’ perceived learning value of feedback in an Indonesian clerkship context

Medicine

Tai, J; Canny, B; Haines, T; Molloy, E

The role of peer-assisted learning in building evaluative judgement: opportunities in clinical medical education

2016

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Original paper

Australia

To explore the contribution of peer-assisted learning (PAL) in the development of evaluative judgement capacity; the ability to understand work quality and apply those standards to appraising performance

Medicine

Torre, D; Simpson, D; Sebastian, J; Elnicki, D

Learning/Feedback Activities and High-Quality Teaching: Perceptions of Third-Year Medical Students during an Inpatient Rotation

2005

Academic Medicine

Original paper

USA

To identify specific learning activities (and teaching methods) that students associate with high-quality teaching in the inpatient setting

Medicine

Urquhart, L. M.; Ker, J. S.; Rees, C. E

Exploring the Influence of Context on Feedback at Medical School: A Video-Ethnography Study

2018

Advances in Health Sciences Education

Original paper

UK

To explore gaps in the published literature about how context influences feedback processes

Medicine

van de Ridder, M Stokking, M; McGaghie, W; ten Cate, O

What is feedback in clinical education?

2008

Medical Education

Review

The Netherlands and USA

To propose a consensual, research-based, operational definition of feedback in clinical education

N/A

van de Ridder, M; McGaghie, W; Stokking, K; ten Cate, O

Variables that affect the process and outcome of feedback, relevant for medical training: A meta-review

2015

Medical Education

Review

The Netherlands and USA

To determine which variables influence the process and outcomes of feedback in settings relevant to medical education

N/A

Watling, C; Driessen, E; van der Vleuten, C; Lingard, L

Learning culture and feedback: an international study of medical athletes and musicians

2014

Medical Education

Original paper

Canada, USA, and the Netherlands

To distinguish the elements of the response to feedback that are determined by the individual learner from those determined by the learning culture, and to understand how these elements interact in order to make recommendations for improving feedback in medical education

Medicine

Watling, C; Driessen, E; van der Vleuten, C; Vanstone, M; Lingard, L

Beyond individualism: Professional culture and its influence on feedback

2013

Medical Education

Original paper

Canada

To explore how feedback is handled within different professional cultures, and how the characteristics and values of a profession shape learners’ responses to feedback

Medicine, Music, and Teacher Training