Table 4 Sample characteristics and one-way ANOVA analysis / independent samples t-test of SDL ability of Chinese medical students

Gender

①Male

925

25.59

3.73 ± 0.61

2.805

0.005^*

①>②

②Female

2689

74.41

3.66 ± 0.54

Grade

①Freshman

2085

57.69

3.73 ± 0.55

11.769

0.000^**

①>②

①>③

①>④

②Sophomore

660

18.26

3.60 ± 0.57

③Junior

608

16.82

3.64 ± 0.56

④Senior and above

261

7.22

3.61 ± 0.59

Major

①Basic medical science

148

4.10

3.72 ± 0.52

9.618

0.000^**

①>⑦, ②>③

②>⑦, ②>⑤

③>⑦, ②>⑥

④>⑦, ②>⑦

⑤>⑦, ②>⑧

⑥>⑦, ⑧>⑦

②Clinical Medicine

1238

34.26

3.76 ± 0.57

③Stomatology

229

6.34

3.64 ± 0.61

④Public health

171

4.73

3.73 ± 0.59

⑤Pharmacy

562

15.55

3.70 ± 0.55

⑥Medical technology

424

11.73

3.64 ± 0.55

⑦Nursing

534

14.78

3.53 ± 0.56

⑧Others

308

8.52

3.64 ± 0.51

Experience of leaders

①Student leaders

1948

53.90

3.74 ± 0.57

6.997

0.000^*

①>②

②Ordinary students

1666

46.10

3.61 ± 0.55

Hometown

①Rural

1599

44.24

3.63 ± 0.53

5.042

0.000^*

②>①

②Urban

2015

55.76

3.72 ± 0.59

Monthly living expenses

①(≤0, 1000) RMB

302

8.36

3.71 ± 0.56

3.751

0.011^**

④>②

②(1000–1500) RMB

1649

45.63

3.65 ± 0.55

③(1500–2000) RMB

1149

31.79

3.69 ± 0.57

④(2000, ∞) RMB

514

14.22

3.74 ± 0.61

Parenting style

①Neglecting parenting

312

8.63

3.43 ± 0.58

30.237

0.000^**

④>②>①

④>③>①

②Permissive parenting

2213

61.23

3.68 ± 0.56

③Authoritarian parenting

362

10.02

3.67 ± 0.52

④Authoritative parenting

727

20.12

3.79 ± 0.55

Education degree of parents

①Primary school or below

5.67

3.57 ± 0.49

9.262

0.000^**

⑤>③>①

⑤>④>①

⑤>④>②

②Junior middle school

32.57

3.64 ± 0.56

③High school

28.17

3.67 ± 0.55

④Junior college

12.04

3.70 ± 0.55

⑤Bachelor’s degree or above

21.56

3.77 ± 0.60