Table 1 Basic characteristics of the included literature
Name | Year | Study type | People | Age(I/C) | Number of persons (I/C) | Intervention group | Controlled group | Teaching subjects | Study duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zeng, JZ | 2015 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | NA | 30/29 | PBL | LBL | Lumbocrural pain | 2 months/2 months |
Chen, HW | 2017 | RCT | Trainee | NA | 15/15 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Chen, HF | 2018 | RCT | Trainee | 23.4/23.4 | 104/92 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Chen, W | 2019 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 21/21 | 53/53 | PBL | LBL | Orthopaedic imageology | 3 months/3 months |
Ding, XY | 2021 | RCT | Trainee | 19.25/19.21 | 40/40 | PBL | LBL | Arthroscopy training | NA |
Du, R | 2021 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 19.7/21 | 20/20 | PBL | LBL | Bone tumor | NA |
Duan, G | 2015 | RCT | Trainee | NA | 20/21 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 12 months/12 months |
Duan, XL | 2014 | RCT | Trainee | NA | 40/40 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Duan, XY | 2014 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | NA | 32/32 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Feng, ML | 2019 | RCT | Undergraduates | NA | 20/19 | PBL | LBL | Arthropathy | 3 months/3 months |
Gan, M | 2020 | RCT | Trainee | 20.57/20.43 | 74/74 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Gao, ZR | 2017 | RCT | Postgraduate | NA | 33/32 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Guo, WJ | 2015 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | NA | 30/30 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 4 months/4 months |
He, CN | 2021 | RCT | Trainee | 22.69/22.72 | 43/43 | PBL | LBL | Orthopaedic imageology | 12 months/12 months |
Hu, Y | 2018 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | NA | 33/33 | PBL | LBL | Lumbocrural pain | 2 months/2 months |
Li, JL | 2018 | RCT | Trainee | 22-24/22-24 | 52/50 | PBL | LBL | Orthopaedic failure cases | 1 months/1 months |
Li, LM | 2006 | RCT | Seven-year students | NA | 30/30 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 5 months/5 months |
Liu, PD | 2019 | RCT | Trainee | 24.1/23.3 | 44/44 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Liu, W | 2018 | RCT | Trainee | 22.98/23.06 | 40/40 | PBL | LBL | Orthopaedic flap theory | NA |
Liu, Y | 2020 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 22.7/22.7 | 35/35 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Liu, YJ | 2013 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | NA | 10/10 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Liu, CL | 2012 | RCT | Trainee | NA | 19/19 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Nie, H | 2016 | RCT | Trainee | NA | 29/26 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 1 month/1 month |
Wang, JY | 2013 | RCT | Trainee | NA | 18/18 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Wang, KP | 2019 | RCT | Trainee | 22.5/23.0 | 19/19 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Wang, MB | 2018 | RCT | Trainee | 21.4/21.1 | 40/40 | PBL | LBL | Trauma orthopaedics | NA |
Wang, Q | 2012 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 24/24 | 42/42 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Wang, XS | 2015 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 24.5/24.5 | 30/30 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Wang, YF | 2009 | RCT | Undergraduates | NA | 155/154 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Wei, M | 2019 | RCT | Undergraduates | NA | 86/82 | PBL | LBL | Traditional Chinese bone teaching | NA |
Wu, K | 2019 | RCT | Trainee | 22.34/22.57 | 32/32 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Wu, M | 2013 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 22.2/22.2 | 36/36 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 12 months/12 months |
Xi, YH | 2014 | RCT | Undergraduates | NA | 73/73 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Xiao, WA | 2017 | RCT | Resident doctors | 24.3/24.0 | 50/50 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 3 months/3 months |
Yan, DL | 2018 | RCT | Undergraduates | NA | 42/42 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 5 months/5 months |
Yu, Y | 2015 | RCT | Undergraduates | NA | 40/40 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 1 month/1 month |
Yu, YF | 2013 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | NA | 35/35 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Yu, XH | 2022 | RCT | Undergraduates | 22.04/21.92 | 25/25 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 2 months/2 months |
Yu, C | 2020 | RCT | Trainee | 22.50/21.89 | 30/30 | PBL | LBL | Orthopaedic failure cases | 2 weeks/2 weeks |
Zhang, BX | 2018 | RCT | Trainee | 21.5/21.6 | 40/40 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Zhang, H | 2019 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 23.10/23.21 | 20/20 | PBL | LBL | Arthroscopy training | NA |
Zhang, LF | 2020 | RCT | Trainee | 22.44/22.32 | 44/44 | PBL | LBL | Arthropathy | NA |
Zhang, L | 2016 | RCT | Trainee | 22.1/22.1 | 56/56 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Zhang, W | 2018 | RCT | Undergraduates | 24.1/23.5 | 40/40 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Zhang, YD | 2017 | RCT | Refresher doctors | 27.2/26.8 | 45/45 | PBL | LBL | Orthopaedic failure cases | 2 months/2 months |
Zhao, Z | 2016 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 20-24/20-24 | 42/42 | PBL | LBL | Orthopaedic failure cases | 2 weeks/2 weeks |
Zhou, LH | 2020 | RCT | Trainee | NA | 21/21 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | 1 month/1 month |
Zhong, JW | 2017 | RCT | Seven-year students | NA | 132/130 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Cong, L | 2017 | RCT | Resident doctors | NA | 45/45 | PBL | LBL | Basic theory | NA |
Sun, MJ | 2022 | RCT | Five-year undergraduates | 22.6/22.6 | 53/53 | PBL | LBL | 3D basic theory | NA |
Zhao, X | 2019 | RCT | One-year post-graduate | NA | 10/10 | PBL | LBL | Orthopedic nurse | 12 months/12 months |