Table 2 Comparison of observer’s questionnaire scores between TM and 3D groups [This table should be placed below the second paragraph of the Results section]

Junior ophthalmology residents and trainee doctors (N = 15)

Interest and enthusiasm in learning

5.2 ± 1.3

8.7 ± 1.1

< 0.001^*

Learning atmosphere and interaction

5.5 ± 1.5

8.9 ± 0.9

< 0.001^*

Deep and scientific thinking

5.9 ± 1.6

8.1 ± 1.0

< 0.001^*

The understanding of anatomical structure

5.4 ± 1.4

7.6 ± 0.9

< 0.001^*

The understanding of surgical procedures

6.6 ± 1.4

7.4 ± 1.3

0.116

The understanding of surgical cooperation

6.2 ± 1.8

7.7 ± 1.1

0.010^*

Active operation cooperation

7.9 ± 1.6

7.6 ± 1.4

0.589

Surgical Instrument recognition

8.1 ± 0.9

8.2 ± 1.2

0.798

Instrument adjustment

8.8 ± 1.1

6.1 ± 1.7

< 0.001^*

Resolution of the surgical field

6.2 ± 1.8

8.7 ± 1.1

< 0.001^*

Stereoscopic sensation

8.5 ± 1.6

8.3 ± 1.4

0.718

Magnification

6.1 ± 1.6

7.9 ± 1.3

0.002^*

Depth of Field

8.3 ± 1.4

8.1 ± 1.6

0.718

Visual field

7.6 ± 1.3

7.3 ± 1.2

0.527

Time latency between surgical interventions and their visualization

8.5 ± 1.3

8.4 ± 1.1

0.822

Comfort level of learning

6.4 ± 1.8

8.8 ± 0.9

< 0.001^*

General satisfaction

7.1 ± 1.2

8.3 ± 1.0

0.006^*

The confidence in mastery of surgical procedures

5.5 ± 1.5

6.9 ± 1.3

0.011^*

Exam Score

7.1 ± 1.3

7.4 ± 1.2

0.517

Overall score

130.9 ± 27.4

150.4 ± 22.7

0.043^*

Trainee nurses (N = 15)

Interest and enthusiasm in learning

5.4 ± 2.0

7.1 ± 1.5

0.014^*

Learning atmosphere and interaction

6.1 ± 1.1

7.7 ± 1.2

< 0.001^*

Deep and scientific thinking

5.8 ± 1.3

8.2 ± 1.7

< 0.001^*

The understanding of anatomical structure

4.4 ± 2.0

6.7 ± 1.8

0.003^*

The understanding of surgical procedures

5.7 ± 1.3

7.2 ± 1.4

0.005^*

The understanding of surgical cooperation

6.6 ± 1.0

8.4 ± 0.9

< 0.001^*

Surgical Instrument recognition

7.2 ± 1.2

8.5 ± 0.9

0.002^*

Instrument preparation

7.7 ± 1.4

7.8 ± 1.6

0.857

Active operation cooperation

7.4 ± 1.6

7.7 ± 1.5

0.600

The quality of surgical observation

4.2 ± 2.1

8.5 ± 0.8

< 0.001^*

Comfort level of learning

5.6 ± 1.6

8.7 ± 0.8

< 0.001^*

Visual field

5.1 ± 1.6

8.2 ± 1.1

< 0.001^*

Stereoscopic sensation

3.9 ± 1.8

8.3 ± 1.0

< 0.001^*

General satisfaction

5.1 ± 2.0

8.2 ± 1.3

< 0.001^*

The confidence in mastery of surgical procedures

6.2 ± 1.9

7.9 ± 1.4

0.009^*

Exam Score

5.3 ± 1.3

7.7 ± 1.5

< 0.001^*

Overall score

91.7 ± 25.2

126.8 ± 20.4

< 0.001^*

Visitors (N = 15)

Interest and enthusiasm in observation

3.9 ± 2.1

8.1 ± 1.1

< 0.001^*

Learning atmosphere and interaction

4.2 ± 1.3

7.8 ± 1.8

< 0.001^*

Deep and scientific thinking

3.4 ± 1.5

8.0 ± 1.3

< 0.001^*

The understanding of anatomical structure

3.6 ± 1.0

7.6 ± 1.7

< 0.001^*

The understanding of surgical procedures

4.1 ± 1.4

7.7 ± 1.5

< 0.001^*

The quality of surgical observation

4.2 ± 1.2

8.1 ± 1.1

< 0.001^*

Visual field

4.4 ± 1.3

7.0 ± 1.8

< 0.001^*

Stereoscopic sensation

3.1 ± 1.1

8.2 ± 1.0

< 0.001^*

General satisfaction

4.0 ± 1.5

8.5 ± 1.3

< 0.001^*

Overall score

34.9 ± 12.4

71.0 ± 12.6

< 0.001^*