Table 1 Models of doctor-patient relationship [21] and its connection to dehumanization and humanization [20]

Activity-Passivity

Cited rarely

Never

Guidance-Cooperation

Cited in 4/5 with similar frequency to connection to humanization. “I think a lot of the times when we go into these rooms, we anticipate the patient not having any kind of motivation to want to change or be interested in listening about what to do. They would just give you a head nod and move…” “...we can help with all services to make sure that he gets the necessary treatment needed and after all those measures, if the patient is just not willing to take the medication, then I would label him as non-compliant or whatever and would assume that it is a very difficult interaction to be had…”

Cited in 4/5 with similar frequency to connection to dehumanization. “I was inquisitive. I wanted to see what problems he was having that were causing him to have these work difficulties, and he quickly explained it…I had a feeling he was going to meet the definition of what we call non-compliant. My goal was to see how we can optimize his medication regimen.” “It also depends on the mindset of the provider…some people when they see non-compliant, they might say: why am I seeing this person. Other people might have the mindset of: I wonder why they are not taking their medications…You the opportunity to try to establish your own connection with the patient and figure out why he does not take the medication…”

Mutual Participation

Never

Common - cited in 5/5 debriefs. “I think that sometimes when we are told about a patient, and non-compliance comes up, I think some people will see it as an easy way out…I think it is harder to figure out what the problem is: why are people not compliant? Can they afford the medication? Are they having a side effect they cannot tolerate? Are they having difficulty going to the pharmacy? Ultimately, that leads to better patient outcomes and rapport with patient.” “...It wasn't that he didn't care about his health…or put an effort. It was more so he had all these barriers. And it was our job as a team to figure out a way that we could make a plan that would work for both us as a provider and him as a patient…”