Assessing clinical reasoning in undergraduate medical students during history taking with an empirically derived scale for clinical reasoning indicators

Table 3 Total sum scores of indicators of clinical reasoning and factors of clinical reasoning of all participating students per simulated patient

Patient cases	Sum score	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3
Patient cases	M ± SD	M ± SD	M ± SD	M ± SD
Patient 1: 42-year-old female with palpitations	27.15 ± 4.16	3.55 ± .67***	3.89 ± .48*	2.42 ± .90*
Patient 2: 53-year-old male with fatigue and hemoptysis	28.17 ± 3.67	3.92 ± .58***	3.73 ± .54	2.62 ± .90*
Patient 3: 58-year-old female with abdominal pain	30.35 ± 3.52	4.45 ± .50***	3.68 ± .46	2.98 ± .99
Patient 4: 54-year-old male with flank pain	28.55 ± 3.46	4.09 ± .48**	3.59 ± .56	2.76 ± .85*
Patient 5: 36-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis and fever	30.57 ± 3.85	4.36 ± .55	3.72 ± .47	3.17 ± 1.04

Factor 1: ***p ≤ .001: patient 1 versus patient 2, 3, 4, and 5; patient 2 versus patient 3 and 5, patient 3 versus patient 4. **p ≤ .01: patient 4 versus patient 5
Factor 2: *p < .05: patient 1 versus patient 3 and 4
Factor 3: *p < .05: patient 1 versus patient 3, 4 and 5; patient 2 versus patient 3 and 5; patient 4 versus patient 5

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