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Table 2 Overview of the SPGR system for direct observation of group behavior [46, 47]. The four first categories C, N, O and D cover behavior supporting the four basic group functions. Category W covers behavior that may lead to dissolution of the group and category S covers behavior that enhances collaboration

From: The effect of group-dynamics, collaboration and tutor style on the perception of profession-based stereotypes: a quasi-experimental pre- post-design on interdisciplinary tutorial groups

Main category

Sub-categories

Typical behavior

Body language

Control (C) (Task-orientation)

Ruling (C1)

Controlling, authoritarian, emphasize rules and procedures.

Demanding, using eye-contact to control.

Task-oriented (C2)

Objective, efficient, analytical.

Neutral, slightly formal.

Nurture (N) (Relation-orientation)

Caring (N1)

Empathic, thoughtful, sociable.

Open expressive using eye-contact to recognize.

Spontaneous (N2)

Creative, spontaneous, emotional.

Large gestures.

Opposition (O) (Opposing)

Criticism (O1)

Provocative, oppositional, non-conformal.

May appear aggressive.

Assertiveness (O2)

Competitive, stubbornly, self-confident.

Dominating, rejecting.

Dependence (Obligation-oriented)

Loyalty (D1)

Passive, obedient, dutiful.

Submissive, small gestures.

Acceptance (D2)

Trusting, confident, satisfied.

Nice, show acceptance of the group.

Withdrawal (W) (Dissolution)

Resignation (W1)

Dejected, lack of will to contribute and cooperate.

Detached, rejecting and closed.

Selfish (W2)

Sad, withdrawn, offended, accusing.

Closed and tense, displaying ignorance.

Synergy (S) (Teamwork)

Engagement (S1)

Collaborative, inclusive, encouraging.

Active and lively, inviting, direct eye contact

Empathy (S2)

Listening, empathetic, supportive

Lively, inviting and confirming, seeking eye contact.