Table 1 Surgical time, attempts and damages required for grasping and dissection tasks represented per surgical technique (endoscope vs. microscope) and level of education (students vs. residents vs. consultants). Standard deviation is indicated in brackets

128.2 (73)

149.8 (93.5)

67.4 (45.8)

101.7 (67.3)

82.9 (37.7)

59 (29.1)

50.3 (22.7)

60.1 (28.2)

38.6 (20.8)

35.4 (29.8)

25.9 (19.3)

25.8 (15.3)

4.1 (1.8)

5.4 (1.7)

3.8 (2.2)

4.1 (1.1)

3.6 (1.6)

3.5 (1.4)

2.9 (0.7)

3.7 (1.4)

2.7 (0.7)

2.8 (1.4)

2.6 (1.1)

2.4 (0.7)

0.44 (0.73)

0.89 (1.96)

1.33 (1.41)

3 (0.87)

0.07 (0.27)

0.29 (0.61)

0.71 (0.91)

1.07 (1.14)

0.1 (0.32)

0.2 (0.42)

0.2 (0.42)

0.3 (0.48)