Table 2 Steps to develop summative assessment
Formative assessment | Steps to develop summative assessment | Summative assessment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steps to reduce construct underrepresentation | Steps to reduce construct irrelevant variance | |||||
Initial items | Outcome relevant? | Item part of other item scoring | Likley to be assessed reliably? | Item only testing knowledge and skills? | Relevant items | Specified dimension of performance |
Speaks to the victim and shakes his shoulders | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | speaks to the victim and shakes his shoulders | |
Calls for help | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
Checks if the victim is breathing normally | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | checks if the victim is breathing normally | opens airway and comes close |
Calls or sends to call 112 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Calls or sends to call 112 | |
Starts chest-compression as soon as possible | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Starts chest-compression as soon as possible | Within the first 30 s |
Has the right compression point | Yes | No | Yes | Yes, with limitations | Has the right compression point | Center of the chest |
Has the right position | Yes | Yes (compr.depth) | ||||
Has the right compression depth | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Has the right compression depth | 5–6 cm depth, Mini-Anne clicking min. 4 of 5 compr. |
Releases all the pressure from the chest | Yes | Yes (compr.depth) | ||||
Compresses with a frequency of 100–120_1 | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Compresses with a frequency of 100–120_1 | Tolerance-rate: 95–125_1 |
Ratio of chest-compression/breaths 30: 2 | Questionable | |||||
Gives effective breaths to rise the chest | Questionable | |||||
Sends to go for AED and switches on AED | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
Pads are attached correctly | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
Ensures continuous effective chest-compr | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Ensures continuous effective chest-compr. | No interruption of more than 10 s |