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Table 1 Steps to develop formative assessment

From: Analyses of inter-rater reliability between professionals, medical students and trained school children as assessors of basic life support skills

Instructions for BLS according to “einlebenretten”

ERC-instructions for effective BLS including AED

Formative assessment

Specified dimension of performance

Ask the victim loudly: “can you hear me?”

Unresponsive?

Speaks to the victim and shakes his shoulders

 

Shake his shoulders: no reaction?

Call for help

Calls for help

 

Pay attention to breathing: No breathing or no normal breathing

Open airway: Not breathing normally?

Checks if the victim is breathing normally

Opens airway and comes close

Call 112 or send to call 112

Call 112

Calls or sends to call 112

 

Compress hard and fast

30 chest compressions

  

Start immediately

Start chest compression

Starts chest-compression as soon as possible

Within the first 30 s

Place the heel of one hand in the center of the chest, place the heel of the other hand on top

Place the heel of one hand in the center of the chest, place the heel of the other hand on top

Has the right compression point

Center of the chest

Interlock your fingers, keep your arms straight, position vertically above the compression point

Interlock your fingers, keep your arms straight, position vertically above the victims chest

Has the right position

 

Press the sternum 5–6 cm down

Press down on the sternum at least 5 cm (but not exceeding 6 cm)

Has the right compression depth

5-6 cm depth, Mini-Anne clicking min. 4 of 5 compr.

Allow full chest recoil

Releases all the pressure from the chest

Compress 100–120 times per minute

Repeat at a rate of at least 100 min¯1 (but not exceeding 120 min¯1)

Compresses with a frequency of 100–120¯1

Tolerance-rate: 95–125¯1

Trained rescuers should perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation in the ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths

2 rescue breaths 30 chest compressions

ratio of chest-compression/breaths 30: 2

 

Open the airway Blow steadily to rise the chest

Gives effective breaths to rise the chest

Send someone for help and to find and bring an AED; switch on the AED

Sends to go for AED and switches on AED

Bare chest

Attach the electrode pads on the victim’s bare chest

Pads are attached correctly

 

Don’t stop until help arrives

Minimise interruptions in chest compression

Ensures continuous effective chest-compressions

No interruption of more than 10 s