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Table 1 Overview of theories/models/findings integrated into the model of common elements

From: Factors confounding the assessment of reflection: a critical review

Author

Theory/Model/Finding

Summary

Atkins & Murphy

Reflective processes (model)

Three key stages of the reflective process: 1. Awareness of uncomfortable feelings, 2. Critical analysis of feelings and knowledge, 3. New perspectives; associated skills: self-awareness, description, critical analysis, synthesis and evaluation.

Boud

Promoting reflection in learning (model)

Reflection process consists of 3 interrelated stages: 1. returning to the experience, 2. attending to feelings, 3. re-evaluating experience, triggered by experiences and leading to outcome.

Bourner

 

Interrogating experiences with searching questions distinguishes reflective from unreflective thinking.

Korthagen

ALACT model

Reflection is a cyclic process of: Action, Looking back on action, Awareness of essential aspects, Creating alternative methods of action, and Trial.

Mamede & Schmidt

The structure of reflective practice in medicine (finding)

Reflective practice consists of a 5 factor model: deliberate induction; deliberate deduction; testing and synthesising; openness for reflection, and meta-reasoning.

Mezirow

Transformative learning theory

Reflection leads to changed assumptions and frames of references which ground transformative learning.

Moon

Input-outcome model

Reflection is a mental process that is based on input (theories, constructed knowledge or feelings) that has an outcome/purpose (self-development, learning, decisions, resolutions of uncertainty, ...).

Schön

The reflective practitioner (theory)

Reflection is a key factor for professionals to deal with complex situations and for professional development. He identified reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action.

Stockhausen

Clinical learning spiral (model)

Reflective practice is related to professional growth; Clinical learning consists of preparative phase, constructive phase, reflective practice and reconstructive phase.